Orthognathic surgery: Principles, planning and practice. J Maxillofac Oral Surg — J Med Allied Sci — Ann Plast Surg — J Craniomaxillofac Surg — J Craniofac Surg — An anthropometrical study. Angle Orthod — PubMed Google Scholar.
Farkas LG Accuracy of anthropometric measurements: past, present, and future. Cleft Palate Craniofac J — Arch Facial Plast Surg — Plast Reconstr Surg — Patient evaluation and clinical diagnosis.
PLoS One e Vistnes, M. Singap Med J — Bush K, Antonyshyn O Three-dimensional facial anthropometry using a laser surface scanner: validation of the technique. Orthod Craniofac Res — Broadbent TR, Mathews VL Artistic relationships in surface anatomy of the face: application to reconstructive surgery. Download references. This study would not have been possible without the involvement of all the participants and staff at the University of Nairobi. You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar.
FBN conceived the study. SSV collected the data. DW undertook the statistical analysis. All authors helped to complete the manuscript and read and approved the final manuscript. Correspondence to Farhad B. The subjects in Figs. Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. Reprints and Permissions. Virdi, S. Normative anthropometry and proportions of the Kenyan-African face and comparative anthropometry in relation to African Americans and North American Whites.
Maxillofac Plast Reconstr Surg 41, 9 Download citation. Received : 14 January Accepted : 31 January Published : 22 February Anyone you share the following link with will be able to read this content:. Sorry, a shareable link is not currently available for this article.
Provided by the Springer Nature SharedIt content-sharing initiative. Skip to main content. Search all SpringerOpen articles Search. Download PDF. Abstract Background There is no normative craniofacial anthropometric data for the Kenyan-African population. Methods Twenty-five direct facial anthropometric measurements, and 4 angular measurements, were taken on 72 Kenyan-African participants age range 18—30 years recruited at the University of Nairobi in Kenya.
Conclusions Anthropometric measurements of NAW showed clear differences when compared with the Kenyan population, and variations exist with comparative AA data. Background Many patterns of growth, development, and treatment changes may be recorded with good levels of precision using anthropometry [ 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 ].
Measurements and technique Subsequently, anthropometric measurements were taken with a digital vernier caliper, followed by frontal and profile facial photographs taken in a natural head position. Full size image. Results Examiner reliability The results of intraexaminer reliability were calculated using the Bland-Altman test, Dahlberg method, and absolute difference divided by the mean. Table 1 Dahlberg coefficient of horizontal and vertical measurements Full size table.
Table 2 Comparison with Farkas et al. Table 3 Comparison with Farkas et al. Table 4 Angular measurements: two-sample t test for Kenyan males Full size table. Table 5 Angular measurements: two-sample t test for Kenyan females Full size table. NAW data from Farkas et al. Table 7 Application of neoclassical canons to Kenyan male and female face Full size table.
Discussion Ethnic variability should always be considered during diagnosis and treatment planning of orthognathic or craniofacial reconstructive treatment. Conclusion This is the first anthropometric study on Kenyan males and females, testing the validity of the neoclassical canons and providing a database for the average horizontal and vertical measurements and proportions of the population.
References 1. Wistar Institute, Philadelphia Google Scholar 3. Wiley-Blackwell, Oxford 6. Wiley-Blackwell, Oxford Singap Med J — Google Scholar Acknowledgements This study would not have been possible without the involvement of all the participants and staff at the University of Nairobi. Funding None. Availability of data and materials Please contact author for data requests.
Naini Authors Saurab S. Virdi View author publications. View author publications. Consent for publication The subjects in Figs. Regg Stroking my Australinimo. Somalis are more noticeable because of the protruding shape. Magan95 said:. I'm shook on how they manage to get away with it. So how come Somali's are the only one that get stereotyped to have these foreheads?
Apollo said:. Also a minority of Somalis have the excessively big foreheads. Most Somalis only have a moderately high forehead.
A lot have big foreheads if we didn't than why does every one make fun of our foreheads and hardly they make fun of habesha head. Muktar said:. Lol, Habesha's are smart because they keep their comments to themselves and within their own communities. Do you think Somali's should move the same? I think we're a bit too blunt and honest.
We say stuff directly to people. Wallahi Somali men have ruined the Somali image. The only saving grace y'all have is the quiet and angelic xalimo's.
Because of our odd head shape the forehead is curved giving it an allein profile. It does not help that we're also the most loud ethnic group in east Africa. Kanan said:. Last edited: May 6, It's called Frontal Bossing I think. The protrusion in the back of the head usually goes away into adulthood. Honestly every culture has features that are prominent. I feel like in the past, Somali men used to hid them well with Afro's or long hair.
That forehead of hers has Njeri written all over it. Anyway, if there is one part of the face that says a lot about a woman, it is the shape, width and contour of her forehead.
She possesses high intellect on social and financial matters as well as a great forbearance. But there is a tendency to be dogmatic and even stubborn. From a young age this female has very fixed views on a variety of issues. They dislike change unless initiated by them, and they are paranoiac about financial stability and security.
The fact still remains that a big forehead looks great on a Kikuyu women. It makes her beautiful. Yet these pretty Kikuyu babes with big foreheads get the most attention from guys and get married left, right and center.
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